![]() Some have connected this demographic transition to the Migration Period Pessimum, when a decrease in global temperatures impaired agricultural yields. European population probably reached a minimum during the extreme weather events of 535–536 and the ensuing Plague of Justinian (541–542). Proximate causes of the population decrease include the Antonine Plague (165–180), the Plague of Cyprian (250 to c. 260), and the Crisis of the Third Century. Serious gradual depopulation began in the West only in the 5th century and in the East due to the appearance of bubonic plague in 541 after 250 years of economic growth after the troubles which afflicted the empire from the 250s to 270s. During the period from 150 to 400, with the intermittent appearance of plague, the population of the Roman Empire ranged from a high of 70 to a low of 50 million, followed by a fairly good recovery if not to the previous highs of the Early Empire. Only 40% as many Mediterranean shipwrecks have been found for the 3rd century as for the 1st. Late Antiquity saw various indicators of Roman civilization beginning to decline, including urbanization, seaborne commerce, and total population. 1470–onward: slow expansion gaining momentum in the early 16th century. ![]() 1420–1470 (Late Middle Ages): stable or intermittently falling to a low level in Western Europe, growth in East Central Europe.1348–1420 (Late Middle Ages): steep decline in England and France, growth in East Central Europe.1250–1348 (Late Middle Ages): stable or intermittently rising at a high level, with fall in 1315–17 in England.1000–1250 (High Middle Ages): population boom and expansion.600–1000 (Early Middle Ages): stable at a low level, with intermittent growth.400–600 (Late Antiquity): population decline.The population levels of Europe during the Middle Ages can be roughly categorized: Because the data are often incomplete and/or ambiguous, there can be significant disagreement among medieval demographers. The science of medieval demography relies on various lines of evidence, such as administrative records, wills and other types of records, archaeological field data, economic data, and written histories. Population levels began to recover around the late 15th century, gaining momentum in the early 16th century. The population of Europe remained at a low level in the Early Middle Ages, boomed during the High Middle Ages and reached a peak around 1300, then a number of calamities caused a steep decline, the nature of which historians have debated. Demography is considered a crucial element of historical change throughout the Middle Ages. It estimates and seeks to explain the number of people who were alive during the Medieval period, population trends, life expectancy, family structure, and related issues. Medieval demography is the study of human demography in Europe and the Mediterranean during the Middle Ages. Medieval demography relies on various lines of evidence – administrative records, wills, archaeological field data, economic data, and written histories. Image courtesy Musée Condé, Wikimedia Commons Threshing - To beat the stems and husks of plants to separate the grains or seeds from the straw.The peasants preparing the fields for the winter with a harrow and sowing for the winter grain, from The Very Rich Hours of the Duke of Berry, c.Haymaking - cutting grass and curing it for hay.Ploughing - To break and turn over earth with a plough to form a furrow.Reaping - To cut crops for harvest with a scythe, sickle, or reaper.Work in the fields or on the land started by dawn and the daily life of a peasant included the following common tasks.A peasant would start with breakfast, usually of pottage.The daily life of a peasant started at started in the summer as early as 3am.The daily life of a peasant in the Middle Ages can be described as follows: Medieval Serfs had to labor on the lord's land for two or three days each week, and at specially busy seasons, such as ploughing and harvesting. The daily life of a peasant in the Middle ages was hard. Daily Life of a Peasant in the Middle Ages
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